Table 1 Lists Spatial data sources used in this research.

Aspect

Continuous

SRTM DEM* (NASA Earth Data Portal)

Slope

Continuous

SRTM DEM*

Elevation

Continuous

SRTM DEM*

Pln_C

Continuous

SRTM DEM*

Prf_C

Continuous

SRTM DEM*

TWI

Continuous

SRTM DEM*

TRI

Continuous

SRTM DEM*

GU

Discrete

Geomorphology map from Bhukosh-GSI (1:2 M; vector)

LULC

Discrete

Esri-Sentinel − 2 (10 m resolution; raster)

Soil texture

Discrete

FAO world soil map (1:5 M; vector)

Rainfall

Continuous

Climatic Research Unit

(https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg)

Earthquake

Continuous

USGS

DFF

Continuous

Fault data Bhukosh-GSI (1:50,000; vector) (https://bhukosh.gsi.gov.in/Bhukosh/Public)

DFR

Continuous

Road network map Open Street map (vector)

(https://www.openstreetmap.org/export)

RD

Continuous

Derived from Road networks map

SD

Continuous

Stream network map derived using DEM*

NDVI

Continuous

NASA Earth Data Portal (Landsat-8 data)