Table 3 The CE coefficient of fossil energy.

From: Carbon neutral spatial zoning and optimization based on land use carbon emission in the qinba mountain region, China

Type

Discount standard coal coefficient

CE coefficient

Raw coal

0.7143 t/coal

0.7260 t/coal

Coke

0.9714 t/coal

0.8550 t/coal

Gasoline

1.4714 t/coal

0.5538 t/coal

Kerosene

1.4714 t/coal

0.5714 t/coal

Diesel fuel

1.4571 t/coal

0.5921 t/coal

Combustion oil

1.4286 t/coal

0.6185 t/coal

Natural gas

1.2143 t/coal

0.4483 t/coal

Liquefied natural gas

1.7572 kg Coal/m3

0.3548 t/coal

Liquefied petroleum gas

1.7143 Coal/m3

0.5042 t/coal

Electricity

0.1229 kg Coal/kW·h

0.7935 t/coal

Heat

0.0341 kg Coal/million J

0.2600 t/coal

  1. Note: It is important to distinguish whether CE of energy originates from the combustion process or the conversion process. Primary energy sources, such as raw coal and coke, are directly extracted from nature, and their CE primarily originate from combustion66. Therefore, their CE are calculated using CE coefficients (as provided by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for energy burning. Contrarily, the CE from secondary energy sources, such as electricity and heat, is caused by conversion process involving the burning of primary energy67. In this case, the production of secondary energy sources rather than their consumption should be included in their CE calculations. Additionally, regional variability exists in the CE coefficient for electricity68. The calculation is performed as follows: the consumption of various energy sources in electricity production is multiplied by their respective CE coefficients to determine CE generated in the electricity production process. The ratio of CE from these energy sources to total electricity production gives the CE coefficient for electricity.
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