Table 2 Measurement items of variables.
From: Blockchain technology adoption in healthcare: an integrated model
Variable | Item | Statement | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
Technology Trust (TT) | TT1 | Blockchain provides a secure environment for healthcare data | |
TT2 | Blockchain increases trust among related parties | ||
TT3 | Blockchain reduces the occurrence of disputes among related parties. | ||
TT4 | Blockchain-based HIS will be reliable | ||
TT5 | Blockchain is trustworthy. | ||
Information Transparency (TRA) | TRA1 | Blockchain enables us to have transparent access to information across the network | |
TRA2 | Blockchain enables us to have a transparent view of any activity in the data | ||
TRA3 | Blockchain enables us to have a transparent flow of the entire data | ||
TRA4 | Blockchain enables the transparency of data across various system participants | ||
Perceived Disintermediation (DIS) | DIS1 | Blockchain enables us to store data without the involvement of any intermediary | |
DIS2 | Blockchain enables us to access data without the involvement of any intermediary | ||
DIS3 | Blockchain enables us to share data without the involvement of any intermediary. | ||
DIS4 | Blockchain enables us to audit data without the involvement of any intermediary | ||
Cost-Effectiveness (COEF) | COEF1 | Blockchain can reduce our overhead expenses | |
COEF2 | Blockchain reduces data error rates | ||
COEF3 | Blockchain can help to reduce the medical expenses | ||
COEF4 | Our hospital can avoid unnecessary costs and time by adopting blockchain. | ||
COEF5 | Blockchain saves costs related to time and effort. | ||
COEF6 | Blockchain provides a good value for their costs | ||
Technology-Fit (FIT) | FIT1 | Blockchain-based HIS satisfy our hospital’s needs related to healthcare data. | |
FIT2 | Hospital information system requirements closely align with blockchain services. | ||
FIT3 | Blockchain is a good way to share and exchange information between healthcare organizations. | ||
FIT4 | Blockchain fits well with our processes and work style. | ||
FIT5 | It seems that Blockchain fits with our system requirements. | ||
Organisational Readiness (OR) | OR1 | Our hospital has the needed resources to support blockchain adoption. | |
OR2 | Existing technologies in our hospital support Blockchain adoption. | ||
OR3 | Information Technology staff within our hospital have the adequate skills and experience to support blockchain adoption. | ||
OR4 | Our hospital has the financial resources to adopt blockchain. | ||
Top Management Support (TMS) | TMS1 | The top management is aware of the benefits that blockchain can provide to our hospital. | |
TMS2 | The top management can provide enough resources for blockchain implementation in our hospital | ||
TMS3 | The top management encourages employees to increase their awareness of the advantages that blockchain can bring. | ||
TMS4 | The top management is willing to take the possible risks involved in the adoption of blockchain technology | ||
TMS5 | The top management enthusiastically supports the blockchain adoption | ||
TMS6 | The top management looks at blockchain technology as strategically important | ||
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) | CSR1 | Blockchain can help our hospital to meet the required quality of care | |
CSR2 | Blockchain contributes to promoting the well-being of society and creating a better life | ||
CSR3 | Blockchain will help our hospital target a sustainable growth | ||
CSR4 | Blockchain can help our management to respond to all healthcare stakeholders’ needs and wants | ||
CSR5 | Using Blockchain would aid our hospital to increase customer (patients) satisfaction which is highly important for us | ||
CSR6 | Our hospital can be creating shared value for all involved parties through blockchain technology | ||
Mimetic Pressure - Competitors (COM) | COM1 | Our hospital believes that other hospitals in neighbour countries have recently begun to adopt Blockchain | |
COM2 | Other hospitals in neighbour countries that adopt blockchain are benefiting greatly | ||
COM3 | Our hospital will have a sustainable competitive advantage if we deploy blockchain technology | ||
COM4 | Our hospital thinks blockchain technology adoption influences competition in the industry. | ||
COM5 | Competitive pressures force our hospital to look into Blockchain technology | ||
Coercive pressure –Government (GOV) | GOV1 | The government actively introduce the incentives for blockchain adoption | |
GOV2 | The government provides sufficient information infrastructure (laws, guidelines, or policies) for blockchain adoption | ||
GOV3 | Government policies are in favour of the blockchain technology adoption by the healthcare industry | ||
GOV4 | Regulations are sufficient to protect the use of blockchain technology | ||
GOV5 | Our hospital is under pressure from the government to adopt blockchain technology | ||
Technology Vendor Support (TVS) | TVS1 | Incentives provided by the vendors to us for the adoption of blockchain are important | |
TVS2 | Adequacy of technical support provided by the vendors is important | ||
TVS3 | The appropriate training for the use of blockchain technology provided by the vendors is important. | ||
TVS4 | Having sufficient support from the blockchain provider would encourage us to use blockchain technology | ||
Partner Readiness (PR) | PR1 | Hospital adopts blockchain when its partners are also willing to adopt blockchain | |
PR2 | Hospital adopts blockchain when its partners are technologically ready to adopt blockchain | ||
PR3 | Hospital adopts blockchain when its partners are financially ready to adopt blockchain | ||
PR4 | Hospital adopts blockchain when its partners are ready to share their data over the blockchain network. | ||
Viability (VIB) | VIB1 | Our hospital’s capabilities and current resources support blockchain | |
VIB2 | The hospital can efficiently satisfy HIS needs by adopting blockchain. | ||
VIB3 | Blockchain is viable with our hospital’s corporate culture and value system. | ||
VIB4 | Blockchain-based HIS is viable to implement in our hospital. | ||
Intention to adopt Blockchain (INT) | INT1 | Our hospital intends to adopt blockchain-based HIS | |
INT2 | Our hospital will take steps to adopt blockchain-based HIS in the near future. | ||
INT3 | Our hospital plans to evaluate and adopt blockchain-based HIS. | ||
INT4 | It is recommended to adopt blockchain-based HIS in the hospital |
