Table 2 Cat swarm optimization (CSO) parameter settings and Fine-Tuned values.

From: Optimizing breast cancer classification based on cat swarm-enhanced ensemble neural network approach for improved diagnosis and treatment decisions

Hyperparameter

Search Range

Learning Rate

0.0001–0.01

Dropout Rate

0.1–0.5

Batch Size

16–128

Weight Initialization

He Normal / Xavier

Optimizer

Adam / SGD / RMSprop

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