Table 3 Theoretical computational efficiency.

From: Combining semiparametric and machine learning approaches for short-term prediction of satellite clock bias

Model

Transformer

Informer

LSTM

Training time complexity

\(O({N^2})\)

\(O(N\log N)\)

\(O(N)\)

Space occupancy rate

\(O({N^2})\)

\(O(N\log N)\)

\(O(N)\)

Predict time complexity

\(O(N)\)

\(O(1)\)

\(O(N)\)