Table 3 Comparison of clinical outcomes in the KI-BCI group, tDCS group, and tDCS-BCI group.

Variable/group	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	Main effect (Time) F(p)	Main effect (Group) F(p)	Interaction effect (Time*Group) F(p)
FMA-UE
KI-BCI	22.00 ± 0.49	40.50 ± 0.86^a	391.500 (0.001)*	0.516 (0.603)	11.596 (0.001)*
tDCS	22.29 ± 1.75	33.93 ± 1.64^ab
BCI-tDCS	22.57 ± 3.26	36.50 ± 4.07^a
MSS
KI-BCI	37.14 ± 0.65	58.57 ± 0.98^a	560.419 (0.001)*	6.609 (0.005)*	8.445 (0.001)*
tDCS	36.71 ± 0.79	51.86 ± 1.36^ab
BCI-tDCS	38.21 ± 1.04	57.93 ± 1.23^ac
ARAT
KI-BCI	15.93 ± 2.33	26.50 ± 2.94^a	93.450 (0.001)*	0.568 (0.573)	10.995 (0.001)*
tDCS	15.07 ± 2.22	19.71 ± 2.09^a
BCI-tDCS	12.93 ± 2.65	25.93 ± 3.81^a
MBI
KI-BCI	33.86 ± 0.85	62.86 ± 0.90^a	761.997 (0.001)*	1.089 (0.334)	11.024 (0.001)*
tDCS	35.21 ± 1.84	55.00 ± 2.14^ab
BCI-tDCS	34.79 ± 1.66	59.79 ± 2.08^a

KI-BCI: kinesthetic imagery-based brain computer interface; tDCS: transcranial direct current stimulation; FMA-UE: Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity; MSS: Motor Status Scale; ARAT: Action Research Arm Test; MBI: Modified Barthel Index; ^aSignificant difference of baseline(P < 0.05); ^bSignificantly different from the KI-BCI(P < 0.05); ^cSignificantly different from the tDCS group(P < 0.05); *Significant effect (P ≤ 0.05).

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