Table 1 Estimation results for the \(\Delta (SUHI_{P} - SUHI_{A} )\) dependent variable for different linear regression models.

From: Declining urban density attenuates rising population exposure to surface heat extremes

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

\(\Delta \rho_{N}\)

\(5.05 \times 10^{ - 5}\)***

  

\(4.45 \times 10^{ - 5}\)***

\(5.04 \times 10^{ - 5}\)***

\(4.44 \times 10^{ - 5}\)***

\(\Delta EVI\)

 

 − 8.97***

 

 − 6.88***

 

 − 6.88***

\(\Delta \alpha\)

  

 − 3.41*

 

 − 4.47

 − 0.53

R2

0.15

0.09

 < 0.01

0.20

0.15

0.20

  1. These models include different combinations of independent variables, including changes in population density (\(\Delta \rho_{N}\)), surface albedo (\(\Delta \alpha\)), and enhanced vegetation index (\(\Delta EVI\)). Statistical significance: ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1.
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