Table 1 Summary of HRES optimization studies across various regions.
Ref. | Location | Mode | Method | System components | Storage | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morocco | Grid-connected | HOMER | PV/WT/PHES | PHES | An optimized HRES is designed for rural electrification in Morocco; however, energy reliability and socio-economic and environmental impacts are overlooked. | |
Off-grid | MATLAB | PV/WT/BG/BESS | BESS | A HES is optimized, reducing the total annual cost; however, resource uncertainty and long-term performance are not comprehensively analyzed. | ||
Turkey | Grid-connected | MATLAB | PV/WT/BESS & PV/WT/EFCS | BESS & EFCS | A PSO-GA hybrid is presented for HRES optimization, with a PV/WT/BESS system identified as cost-effective, excluding economic feasibility, long-term performance, resource variability, and environmental impacts overlooked. | |
Egypt | Off-grid | MATLAB | PV/WT/DG/BESS | BESS | An Improved Archimedes Optimization Algorithm for HRES is introduced; however, critical factors such as weather variability and environmental impacts are neglected. | |
Jordan | Off-grid/grid-connected | HOMER Pro | Grid/PV/WT/FES/BESS & PV/WT/BG/BESS | BESS & Flywheel | HRES is evaluated for Jordan using HOMER Pro, and an optimal WT/PV/grid/BESS configuration is identified. Nonetheless, long-term environmental impacts and dynamic resource variability are not considered. | |
Sweden | Off-grid | MATLAB | PV/WT/BESS & PV/WT/PHES | BESS & PHES | PV/WT/BESS is identified as cost-effective for stand-alone applications in Sweden; however, environmental impact and scalability analyses are lacking, highlighting the need for advanced optimization and storage technology research. | |
China | Off-grid | MATLAB | PV/BESS & PV/DG/BESS | BESS | Hybrid DG/PV/BESS is optimized, achieving cost reductions. Yet, lifecycle assessments, scalability, and broader adaptability are lacking. | |
India | Off-grid | HOMER | WT/BESS, PV/BESS, PV/WT/BESS, WT/DG/BESS, PV/DG/BESS & PV/WT/DG/BESS | BESS | PV/WT/DG/BESS is identified as the optimal HRES for Ghoramara Island, achieving a low LCOE. However, the lack of advanced storage solutions indicates a necessity for improved adaptability and sustainability. | |
Brazil | Off-grid | HOMER Pro | PV/WT/BESS | BESS | A PV/WT/BESS hybrid system is assessed for Casa Nova, Brazil, identified as the most cost-effective. Yet, advanced storage options, lifecycle impact analysis, and scalable designs remain unaddressed. | |
Nigeria | Off-grid | HOMER & GOA | PV/WT/DG/Hydro/BESS, PV/WT/DG/BESS, PV/DG/BG/BESS, DG/BG | BESS | HRES is optimized for rural areas using HOMER and GOA, with biogas/diesel identified as the most cost-effective. However, advanced storage integration and scalability for real-world conditions are lacking, limiting broader applicability and resilience. | |
Chad | Off-grid | HOMER | PV/BESS, PV/DG/BESS & PV/WT/DG/BESS | BESS | PV/DG/BESS is identified as cost-effective for Chad, but advanced storage, dynamic modeling, environmental impact analysis, and broader renewable integration are omitted, limiting adaptability and sustainability. | |
Malaysia | Off-grid | HOMER | PV/DG/BESS | BESS | Hybrid PV/DG/BESS offers optimal reliability, cost, and environmental performance, reducing fuel use and emissions, but lacks advanced storage, sustainability analysis, and technology integration. | |
Iran | Off-grid | MATLAB | PV/DG/BESS | BESS | Five improved PSO algorithms are developed for optimizing a stand-alone system; however, the study lacks environmental impact analysis, advanced storage technology integration, and consideration of broader applicability. |
