Table 1 Baseline characteristic of the studied population with infective endocarditis across three distinct periods.
From: Trends in infective endocarditis over two decades in a Thai tertiary care setting
Total (N = 435) | 1998–2001 (N = 134) | 2012–2015 (N = 117) | 2016–2020 (N = 184) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), median (IQR) | 51 (39,62) | 42 (34,51) | 54 (43,62)* | 58 (44,65)* | 0.003 |
Male gender (%) | 288 (66.2%) | 96 (71.6%) | 78 (66.7%) | 114 (61.9%) | 0.213 |
Predisposing structural heart diseases | |||||
Rheumatic heart disease (%) | 71 (16.3%) | 31(23.1%) | 20 (17%) | 20 (10.9%) | 0.009 |
Congenital heart disease (%) | 47 (10.8%) | 10 (7.5%) | 10 (8.5%) | 27 (14.7%) | 0.105 |
Prosthetic heart valve (%) | 49 (11.3%) | 8 (6.0%) | 17 (14.5%) | 24 (13.0%) | 0.192 |
Other valvular heart disease (%) | 112 (25.8%) | 49 (36.6%) | 42 (35.9%) | 21 (11.4%) | 0.003 |
Previous infective endocarditis (%) | 34 (7.8%) | 11 (8.2%) | 14 (12.0%) | 9 (4.9%) | 0.642 |
Comorbid diseases | |||||
Diabetes (%) | 47 (10.8%) | 6 (4.5%) | 13 (11.1%) | 28 (15.2%) | 0.009 |
Hypertension (%) | 89 (20.5%) | 3 (2.2%) | 35 (29.9%) | 51 (27.7%) | 0.003 |
Cirrhosis (%) | 43 (9.9%) | 18 (13.4%) | 2 (1.7%) | 23 (12.5%) | 1.000 |
Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 23 (5.3%) | 1 (0.7%) | 4 (3.4%) | 18 (9.8%) | 0.003 |
Cancer (%) | 27 (6.2%) | 5 (3.7%) | 8 (6.8%) | 14 (7.6%) | 0.501 |
Chronic kidney disease (%) | 36 (8.3%) | 2 (1.5%) | 10 (8.5%) | 24 (13.0%) | 0.003 |
People living with HIV (%) | 11 (2.5%) | 8 (6.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.021 |
Intravenous drug use (%) | 18 (4.1%) | 13 (9.7%) | 1 (0.9%) | 4 (2.2%) | 0.006 |
Clinical presentation | |||||
Onset of symptoms (days), median (IQR) | 14 (7, 30) | 30 (10, 60) | 14 (5, 30)* | 14 (5, 30)* | 0.024 |
History of fever (%) | 365 (83.9%) | 112(83.6%) | 106(90.6%) | 147 (79.9%) | 0.855 |
Dyspnea (%) | 262 (60.2%) | 85 (63.4%) | 63 (53.8%) | 114 (61.9%) | 1.000 |
Chest tightness (%) | 16 (3.7%) | 3 (2.2%) | 8(6.8%) | 5 (2.7%) | 1.000 |
Neurological symptoms (%) | 69 (15.9%) | 18 (13.4%) | 19(16.2%) | 32 (17.4%) | 1.000 |
Arthralgia/arthritis (%) | 67 (15.4%) | 10 (7.5%) | 20(17.1%) | 37 (20.1%) | 0.006 |
Physical examination | |||||
Fever (%) | 302 (76.3%) | 70 (73.7%) | 97 (82.9%) | 135 (73.4%) | 1.000 |
Murmur (%) | 397 (92.5%) | 118(92.2%) | 114(97.4%) | 165 (89.7%) | 0.882 |
Splenomegaly (%) | 9 (2.1%) | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (1.7%) | 5 (2.7%) | 1.000 |
Osler’s nodes, Janeway lesions, Splinter hemorrhages (%) | 30 (6.9%) | 7 (5.4%) | 6 (5.1%) | 17 (9.2%) | 0.489 |
Neurological deficit (%) | 80 (18.6%) | 27 (20.8%) | 21 (17.9%) | 32 (17.4%) | 1.000 |
Clubbing of fingers (%) | 17 (3.9%) | 7 (5.4%) | 8 (6.8%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.093 |
Hypotension (%) | 36 (8.4%) | 7 (5.4%) | 7 (6.0%) | 22 (12.0%) | 0.111 |
Signs of Heart failure (%) | 203 (41.1%) | 74 (56.9%) | 31 (26.5%) | 98 (53.3%) | 1.000 |
Abnormal urine sediment (%) | 120 (31.3%) | 30 (35.3%) | 35 (29.9%) | 55 (30.4%) | 1.000 |
