Table 2 Relationship of NFS and MASLD with respiratory diseases by Cox regression analysis.

From: Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease is associated with an increased risk of multiple respiratory system diseases

Respiratory disease

Non-MASLD

MASLD with NFS <-1.455

MASLD with āˆ’ā€‰1.455ā€‰ā‰¤ā€‰NFSā€‰<ā€‰0.676

MASLD with NFSā€‰ā‰„ā€‰0.676

HR and 95% CI

HR and 95% CI

P

HR and 95% CI

P

HR and 95% CI

P

Acute upper respiratory infections

Reference

1.037 (0.908, 1.184)

0.593

1.034 (0.883, 1.212)

0.675

1.630 (1.127, 2.356)

0.009

Influenza

Reference

1.300 (1.069, 1.579)

0.008

1.291 (1.04, 1.603)

0.021

1.777 (1.114, 2.835)

0.016

Pneumonia

Reference

1.260 (1.199, 1.325)

<ā€‰0.001

1.259 (1.193, 1.33)

<ā€‰0.001

1.738 (1.548, 1.953)

<ā€‰0.001

Other diseases of the upper respiratory tract

Reference

1.069 (1.002, 1.141)

0.044

0.984 (0.909, 1.066)

0.701

1.111 (0.878, 1.407)

0.379

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

Reference

1.317 (1.248, 1.39)

<ā€‰0.001

1.269 (1.198, 1.346)

<ā€‰0.001

1.470 (1.279, 1.69)

<ā€‰0.001

Asthma

Reference

1.273 (1.22, 1.328)

<ā€‰0.001

1.110 (1.055, 1.168)

<ā€‰0.001

0.955 (0.827, 1.103)

0.532

Lung diseases due to external agents

Reference

1.217 (1.065, 1.391)

0.004

1.157 (1.006, 1.331)

0.041

1.643 (1.225, 2.205)

0.001

Interstitial lung diseases

Reference

1.302 (1.15, 1.474)

<ā€‰0.001

1.380 (1.213, 1.569)

<ā€‰0.001

1.430 (1.080, 1.895)

0.013

Diseases of the pleura

Reference

1.174 (1.103, 1.249)

<ā€‰0.001

1.176 (1.101, 1.257)

<ā€‰0.001

1.453 (1.252, 1.688)

<ā€‰0.001

Pulmonary embolism

Reference

1.208 (1.103, 1.322)

<ā€‰0.001

1.256 (1.136, 1.389)

<ā€‰0.001

1.307 (1.018, 1.678)

0.036

Lung and bronchus cancer

Reference

1.215 (1.087, 1.358)

0.001

1.208 (1.071, 1.363)

0.002

1.206 (0.867, 1.677)

0.265

Respiratory system death

Reference

1.128 (1.039, 1.226)

0.015

1.137 (1.010, 1.260)

0.044

1.149 (0.982, 1.315)

0.096

  1. Multivariate logistic regression model was adjusted by sex, age, deprivation Index, alcohol intake (g/day), smoking (never, former, current), BMI, diabetes, hypertension, serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, glucose, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase,, FEV1/FVC, NO2, NOx, PM2.5, and PM10.
  2. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score, MASLD, metabolic dysfunctionā€“associated steatotic liver disease.
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