Fig. 9
TGFβ inhibitors modulation of the expression of osteogenic markers in an in vivo rat blast model of HO. Following blast injury, animals were treated with ALK5 inhibitors (SB431542 or Galunisertib/LY2157299) and SMAD3 inhibitors (Halofuginone or SIS3) for 2 weeks (n = 02) and up to for 4 months (n = 03). Low dose, medium dose and high treatment dose, respectively, were administered as follows: SB431542 [5 µg/g, 10 µg/g and 30 µg/g bodyweight], Galunisertib/LY2157299 [16 µg/g, 30 µg/g and 36 µg/g bodyweight], Halofuginone [2.5 µg/g, 5 µg/g and 10 µg/g bodyweight] and SIS3 [2 µg/g, 10 µg/g and 50 µg/g bodyweight]. Relative expression levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR for the osteogenic markers (A) Alp and (B) Runx2. β-actin (Actb) was used as a housekeeping control gene. Non-treated (vehicle) control was used as a reference to calculate relative gene expression levels. Average ± SD from independent animals. Adjusted p-value was calculated by 1-tail Student’s T-test in comparison with the control group from each timepoint.
