Fig. 4

Probability of poor outcomes in control and at-risk groups undergoing ACDF for cervical radiculopathy from models adjusted for age, sex, education level, smoking status, physical component score, surgical wait time, number of spinal levels operated on, and baseline pain. At-risk groups include moderate-severe risk of depression (PHQ-8), severe psychological symptomatology (MCS), and depression (MCS). PHQ-8 = Patient Health Questionnaire; MCS = Mental Component Score.