Table 1 Preoperative demographic, health, and clinical data.
Variable | N | Value |
|---|---|---|
Age | 352 | 50.9 ± 9.5 |
Female sex | 352 | 154 (43.8%) |
Education | ||
High school degree or less | 352 | 123 (35.6%) |
Technical or associate’s degree | 81 (23.4%) | |
University or college degree | 142 (41.0%) | |
Elected not to answer | 6 (1.7%) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 343 | 29.4 ± 6.0 |
Currently smoking | 343 | 77 (22.5%) |
Spinal levels treated | ||
1 | 352 | 223 (63.4%) |
2 | 98 (27.8%) | |
3 + | 31 (8.8%) | |
Moderate to severe depression risk (PHQ-8 ≥ 10) | 351 | 183 (52.1%) |
Depression (MCS ≤ 45) | 337 | 207 (61.4%) |
Severe psychological symptomology (MCS ≤ 50) | 337 | 110 (32.6%) |
Baseline arm pain (NPRS) | 352 | 7.0 ± 2.1 |
Baseline neck pain (NPRS) | 351 | 6.7 ± 2.1 |
Baseline disability (NDI) | 351 | 45.4 ± 15.7 |
