Table 4 GEE model^$ results evaluating the association of socioeconomic status (SES) on child growth indicators (stunting, underweight, wasting, and obesity) from 2 to 24 months.

Covariates^●		Stunting^∞ (OR)	95%CI	Underweight(OR)	95%CI	Wasting (OR)	95%CI	Obesity (OR)	95%CI
SES	Very Low SES	1.000	.,	1.000	.,	1.000	.,	1.000	.,
	Low SES	0.937	0.734,1.195	0.875	0.691,1.108	0.878	0.741,1.041	0.953	0.624,1.455
	Middle SES	0.834	0.652,1.065	0.818	0.647,1.035	0.814*	0.692,0.958	1.153	0.767,1.732
	High SES	0.616***	0.472,0.805	0.751*	0.591,0.956	0.839*	0.706,0.996	0.772	0.502,1.189
	Very High SES	0.767	0.585,1.005	0.709**	0.547,0.919	0.781**	0.655,0.932	0.843	0.544,1.306
Child’s age (months)		0.956***	0.946,0.966	0.974***	0.966,0.983			1.021*	1.002,1.041
Very low SES × child’s age^■								1.000	.,
Low SES × child’s age								1.003	0.976,1.031
Middle SES × child’s age								0.993	0.966,1.022
High SES × child’s age								1.016	0.989,1.045
Very high SES × child’s age								1.028*	1.001,1.056
Age		1.024**	1.007,1.041	1.032***	1.015,1.050			0.997	0.976,1.017
Gravidity				0.917*	0.842,0.998	0.973	0.924,1.025	1.002	0.905,1.110
Anxiety and depression		0.973	0.692,1.368					0.792	0.511,1.228
Chronic diseases								0.929	0.763,1.131
Smoking^¶		1.383	0.356,5.372
Center	Isfahan	1.000	.,	1.000	.,	1.000	.,	1.000	.,
	Yazd	0.649***	0.518,0.813	0.894	0.736,1.086	2.236***	1.980,2.525	0.585***	0.452,0.756
	Rafsanjan	0.956	0.712,1.284	0.894	0.680,1.175	1.096	0.871,1.378	0.998	0.734,1.357
	Semnan	1.091	0.853,1.396	0.896	0.698,1.152	1.074	0.879,1.314	1.188	0.916,1.539

^$Data is imputed.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
^●Covariates included in the GEE model if they changed the SES effect sizes by more than 10%.
^■Interaction term included in the GEE model if it was statistically significant.
^¶Given that ‘smoking’ resulted in perfect prediction and did not provide additional information, we consider excluding it from the obesity model.
^∞Stunting: HAZ < − 2; Wasting: WHZ < − 2; Underweight: WAZ < − 2; Obesity: BMI-Z > 2.

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