Table 10 Robustness test results.

Gf

1.014^***

0.638^***

0.993^***

0.754^**

(0.231)

(0.222)

(0.286)

(0.342)

Gf²

−1.098^***

−0.666^***

−1.059^***

−0.935^***

(0.171)

(0.618)

(0.034)

(0.278)

Wx.Gf

1.233^***

1.067^***

2.037^***

1.465^**

(0.416)

(0.435)

(0682)

(0.661)

Wx.Gf2

−0.959^***

−0.687^***

−1.374^***

−1.164^**

(0.286)

(0.321)

(0.459)

(0.479)

Spatial rho

0.225^***

0.435^***

0.299^**

0.264^**

(0.107)

(0.067)

(0.120)

(0.127)

aggregate effect

Gf

3.032^***

3.047^***

4.594^***

3.210^***

(0.690)

(0.885)

(1.438)

(1.130)

Gf2

−2.751^***

−2.408^***

−3.671^***

−3.015^***

(0.548)

(0.717)

(1.034)

(0.899)

direct effect

Gf

1.061^***

0.818^***

1.101^***

0.819^**

(0.239)

(0.251)

(1.309)

(0.354)

Gf2

−1.130^**

−0.798^***

−1.140^***

−0.994^***

(0.183)

(0.195)

(0.229)

(0.287)

indirect effect

Gf

1.971^***

2.230^***

3.493^***

2.390^***

(0.630)

(0.732)

(1.303)

(1.027)

Gf2

−1.622^***

−1.610^***

−2531^***

−2.021^**

(0.481)

(0.582)

(0.923)

(0.795)

control variable

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Individual fixation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

fixed time

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

R²

0.184

0.161

0.060

0.117

N

330

330

253

240