Table 7 Comparative assessment of cement vs. RHA stabilizers.
Parameter | Cement stabilizer | RHA stabilizer | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Production temperature (°C) | 1450 | 500–800 | |
CO₂ emissions (kg CO₂/kg) | 0.66–0.82 | 0.3–0.5 | |
Energy consumption (MJ/kg) | 3.0–5.0 | 1.5–2.5 | |
Raw material type | Virgin limestone | Agricultural waste (rice husk) | |
Waste reduction potential | None | High (repurposes waste) | |
Sustainability and resource efficiency | High raw material demand | Enhances circular economy |
