Table 1 Sociodemographic, health, and behavioral characteristics according to the self-rated health, during the COVID-19 pandemic (COVID-Inconfidentes Study).

From: How anxiety and depression mediate the link between sleep quality and health perception during crisis periods

Characteristics

 

Self-rated health

  

Total % (CI95%)

Good

Poor

Odds ratio (CI95%)

p-value*

  

77.4 (73.3–80.9)

22.6 (19.0–26.7)

-

-

Sex

 Male

48.1 (41.0–55.3)

52.6 (44.2–60.8)

32.8 (26.8–39.3)

1.00

 < 0.001

 Female

51.9 (44.7–59.0)

47.4 (39.2–55.8)

67.2 (60.6–73.2)

2.27 (1.52–3.41)

 

Age

 18–34 years

35.6 (31.2–40.3)

39.3 (33.7–45.2)

23.0 (15.6–32.5)

1.00

 

 35–59 years

45.6 (41.1–50.2)

46.5 (41.7–51.5)

42.6 (33.8–51.9)

1.56 (0.87–2.78)

0.130

 ≥ 60 years

18.8 (15.4–22.6)

14.2 (11.0–18.0)

34.4 (25.7–44.3)

4.15 (2.00–8.63)

 < 0.001

Skin color1

 White

25.6 (20.8–31.1)

26.3 (20.4–33.1)

23.4 (15.7–33.5)

1.00

0.625

 Black, brown, indigenous and yellow

74.4 (68.9–79.2)

73.7 (66.9–79.6)

76.6 (66.5–84.3)

1.16 (0.63–2.16)

 

Marital status2

 Married

53.3 (47.3–59.2)

54.2 (47.0–61.3)

50.1 (41.2–59.1)

1.00

0.481

 Not married

46.7 (40.8–52.7)

45.8 (38.7–53.0)

49.9 (40.9–58.8)

1.18 (0.74–1.86)

 

Education

 0–8 years

31.1 (26.7–36.0)

25.3 (19.9–31.6)

51.1 (41.9–60.2)

1.00

 

 9–11 years

39.7 (35.6–44.0)

42.7 (37.6–47.9)

29.6 (21.8–38.8)

0.34 (0.19–0.61)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 12 years

29.2 (23.8–35.1)

32.0 (26.0–38.7)

19.3 (13.0–27.8)

0.30 (0.17–0.52)

 < 0.001

Family income3

 ≤ 2 MW

45.6 (40.6–50.7)

44.2 (39.1–49.5)

50.6 (39.8–61.3)

1.00

 

 > 2 a ≤ 4 MW

29.5 (25.0–34.5)

29.9 (24.6–35.8)

28.2 (21.8–35.7)

0.83 (0.52–1.32)

0.419

 > 4 MW

24.9 (20.3–30.1)

25.9 (20.9–31.6)

21.2 (13.7–31.3)

0.71 (0.39–1.32)

0.282

Worker4

 No

48.2 (43.5–52.9)

42.9 (37.6–48.4)

66.3 (58.7–73.1)

1.00

 < 0.001

 Yes

51.8 (47.1–56.5)

57.1 (51.6–62.4)

33.7 (26.9–41.2)

0.38 (0.26–0.55)

 

Smoking

     

No

83.1 (78.7–86.7)

82.9 (77.5–87.2)

83.6 (77.2–88.5)

1.00

0.852

Yes

16.9 (13.3–21.3)

17.1 (12.8–22.5)

16.4 (11.5–22.8)

0.95 (0.56–1.62)

 

Alcohol consumption

 No

41.7 (35.9–47.8)

37.5 (31.1–44.4)

56.1 (46.5–65.3)

1.00

0.002

 Yes

58.3 (52.2–64.1)

62.5 (55.6–68.9)

43.9 (34.7–53.4)

0.47 (0.29–0.76)

 

Physical activity5

 Active

30.8 (26.3–35.8)

34.5 (28.4–41.2)

18.6 (11.6–28.3)

1.00

 

 Inactive

69.2 (64.2–73.7)

65.5 (58.8–71.6)

81.4 (71.7–88.3)

2.31 (1.20–4.42)

0.012

Sedentary behavior6

 < 9 h

84.7 (81.0–87.8)

84.8 (80.4–88.3)

84.6 (74.1–91.3)

1.00

0.975

 ≥ 9 h

15.3 (12.2–18.9)

15.2 (11.7–19.6)

15.4 (8.7–25.8)

1.01 (0.47–2.16)

 

Comorbidities7

 No

60.2 (54.6–65.6)

68.0 (61.8–73.6)

33.6 (25.3–42.9)

1.00

 

 Yes

39.8 (34.4–45.4)

32.0 (26.4–38.2)

66.4 (57.1–74.6)

4.20 (2.57–6.87)

 < 0.001

Sleep quality8

 Good

47.5 (43.6–51.4)

53.7 (49.3–58.0)

26.3 (19.9–33.7)

1.00

 

 Poor

52.5 (48.6–56.4)

46.3 (42.0–50.7)

73.7 (66.3–80.0)

3.26 (2.21–4.79)

 < 0.001

Anxiety9

 No

64.9 (61.0–68.6)

70.5 (65.4–75.1)

45.8 (36.9–54.9)

1.00

 < 0.001

 Yes

35.1 (31.4–39.0)

29.5 (24.9–34.6)

54.2 (45.0–63.0)

2.82 (1.75–4.56)

 

Depression9

 No

75.3 (70.8–79.2)

80.0 (74.2–84.7)

59.2 (50.0–67.7)

1.00

 < 0.001

 Yes

24.7 (20.8–29.2)

20.0 (15.3–25.8)

40.8 (32.3–50.0)

2.75 (1.55–4.87)

 
  1. MW: Minimum wage. *p-value of Pearson’s chi-square test.
  2. 1Skin color: Self reported, black, brown, indigenous, white or yellow.
  3. 2Not married: Widowed, divorced, single.
  4. 3Minimum wage value: BRL 1045.00 z USD 194.25 (1 USD ¼ 5.3797 BRL).
  5. 4Not workers: Unemployed, pensioner, retiree.
  6. 5Physically inactive (< 150 min/week of moderate PA or < 75 min/week of vigorous activity).
  7. 6Sedentary behavior was measured by total time spent sitting.
  8. 7Chronic diseases assessed by self-reported medical diagnosis: hypertension, diabetes, asthma, lung disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer, heart disease, and thyroid disorders. Classified as without comorbidities (no) or with at least one comorbidity (yes).
  9. 8Sleep quality assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
  10. 9Anxiety and depression were evaluated by symptoms with GAD-7 and PHQ-9, self-reported medical diagnosis, and use of medications.
  11. Significant values are in bold.
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