Fig. 5
From: Microfluidic nanobubbles produced using a micromixer for ultrasound imaging and gene delivery
Systemic gene delivery into the various organs using a combination of MF-NBs and US exposure (Frequency: 1 MHz; Duty: 50%; Intensity: 2 W/cm2) to the tibialis anterior muscle, heart, and kidney. Each sample containing MF-NBs 120 µg and pDNA 50 µg was administered via intravenous injection. Then, the targeted organ was exposed to US. After the treatment, tissue samples of the heart and kidney were collected on day 1, and of the tibialis anterior muscle on day 5. (a, d, e) show in vivo luciferase imaging. The photon counts are indicated by pseudo-color scales. (b) shows luciferase expression at 5 days post-transfection. White column: untreated. (c) expression of GFP (green) on day 5. DAPI, blue. Scale bar, 100 nm. (f, g) represent luciferase expression in each organ (lung, heart, diaphragm, liver, kidney, and spleen) at one day post-transfection. (a, b, c): Tibialis anterior muscle was irradiated with US for 2 min. (d, f): Heart was irradiated with US for 4 min. (e, g): Right kidney was irradiated with US for 2 min. Data are shown as mean ± S.D. (n = 3–4). ** indicates p < 0.001 using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.
