Fig. 4 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 4

From: Hepatitis virus-associated B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma involves dysregulated epigenetic and RNA-mediated regulatory gene expression and altered snoRNA transcription

Fig. 4

Proposed Direct Mechanisms of HBV and HBV/HDV-associated B cell Transformation. Based on our transcriptional analyses, we illustrate possible direct mechanisms by which HBV and HDV may be contributing to B cell transformation in a lymphotropic model of infection. Black text indicates dysregulated pathways that may be shared between viral- and non-viral-associated BNHL, and red text indicates dysregulated pathways and interactions that may be unique to HBV and HDV infection. Dashed line indicates hypothesized interaction warranting further investigation. Figure created using BioRender (Henning, A. (2025) https://BioRender.com/5k2rgb3). cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA; HBx, HBV-encoded oncogene X protein; HDAg, hepatitis delta antigen; miRNA, micro RNA; mRNA, messenger RNA; P body, processing body; RBF, ribosome biogenesis factor; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex; RP, ribosomal protein; rRNA, ribosomal RNA; snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA.

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