Fig. 8

WGCNA Analysis and Functional Enrichment. (A) WGCNA identified immune-related gene modules with a soft threshold of 9. (B, C) Gene modules were clustered and correlated with immune cell infiltration. (D) EN1 showed the strongest correlation with the MEblue module (R = 0.724, P < 0.001). (E) Functional enrichment of the MEblue module revealed pathways related to oxidative stress, actin cytoskeleton, and MAPK signaling. (F) GSEA indicated significant enrichment in Collagen Formation and TP53-related cell cycle regulation pathways. (G) GSVA showed enrichment of Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways in the high-EN1 group.