Fig. 6

Multivariate redundancy analysis plot illustrating associations between moose gut microbiota and extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (physiological) factors. Samples are colored by region and shaped by categorical balsam fir consumption (low vs. high), with 95% confidence ellipses for each region. Genus vectors are shown as grey arrows with italicized labels, whereas predictors are shown as blue arrows annotated with descriptive labels and significance coding based on PERMANOVA, where continuous lines are significant and dotted lines are non-significant predictors.