Table 10 Predicted values and measured values of the displacements of the ground surface around piles (Small sample).

From: Prediction of the displacements of the pile tops and ground surface around piles based on machine learning algorithms

Observation no

Measured value

Predicted value

BP

AdaBoost-BP

DNN

RF

XGboost

1

32

22

34

31

26

31

2

38

28

36

38

31

28

3

35

30

28

29

30

51

4

37

25

42

44

31

39

5

31

47

34

41

38

31

6

40

40

34

43

39

41

7

30

54

41

32

40

35

8

31

34

26

38

35

41

9

37

54

38

44

39

31

R2

/

− 13.03

− 1.46

− 1.69

− 1.89

− 4.23

MAE

/

10.7

4.6

4.7

5.2

5.8

MSE

/

165.6

29.0

31.8

34.1

61.8

MAPE

/

32.1

13.6

13.9

15.8

16.9

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