Fig. 5
a Estimated marginal means of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in bone marrow of T1DM and control rabbits. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. T1DM rabbits showed significantly higher SOD activity compared to controls (p < 0.001). Within both groups, metaphyseal activity was significantly higher than diaphyseal activity (both p < 0.001), with this regional difference being more pronounced in T1DM rabbits. b Prussian Blue Staining of USPIO-Labeled Bone Marrow Vascular Endothelial Cells in T1DM and Control Groups. Scale bars in top-left corners indicate magnification. Red boxes: USPIO-labeled Prussian blue-stained bone marrow vascular endothelial cells. The number of stained endothelial cells in the T1DM group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). c, d TEM Images of USPIO Uptake via Vesicles in Metaphyseal and Diaphyseal Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells. a, c: Metaphyseal bone marrow endothelial cells in T1DM and control rabbits; b, d: Magnified vesicles within metaphyseal endothelial cells; e, g: Diaphyseal bone marrow endothelial cells in T1DM and control rabbits; f, h: Magnified vesicles within diaphyseal endothelial cells; Red boxes: Intracellular vesicles; Yellow arrows: USPIO within vesicles. The T1DM group showed significant increases in vesicle counts and USPIO-occupied area percentage compared to controls (P < 0.05). Within the T1DM group, metaphyseal endothelial cells exhibited significantly higher vesicle counts and USPIO-occupied area percentage than diaphyseal regions (P < 0.05). e Estimated marginal means of vesicle counts and USPIO-occupied area percentage per field in bone marrow of T1DM and control rabbits. (A) Vesicle counts and (B) USPIO-occupied area percentage are presented as estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals. T1DM rabbits showed significantly higher values compared to controls for both parameters in both anatomical regions (all p < 0.001). Within the T1DM group, metaphyseal values were significantly higher than diaphyseal values (both p < 0.001), whereas no such regional differences were observed in the control group.
