Fig. 4

Stress-volumetric strain‒strain curves of the undisturbed loess samples with different moisture contents: (a) w = 5%; (b) w = 10%; (c) w = 15%; (d) w = 20%; (e) w = 25%. (The solid circles (●) indicate the peak stress points for strain-softening curves, while the short vertical lines at ε = 15% mark the critical-state stresses for strain-hardening curves.)