Fig. 1

Effects of anesthetics on learning and memory in T1DM mice induced by STZ. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental timeline. (B) Blood glucose levels at baseline, post-STZ induction, and post-anesthesia (n = 10). (C-E) Mice performance in Morris water maze test (n = 6). (C) Escape latency during training days, (D) number of platform crossings, and (E) time spent in the target quadrant during the probe test. (F) Spontaneous alternation rates in the Y-maze (n = 6). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs CON group; #P < 0.05 vs DM group; @P < 0.05, @@P < 0.01, @@@P < 0.001 vs. DM + PRO group; &&&P < 0.001 vs. DM + SEV group. Data are mean ± SEM. P values were determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’ s multiple comparisons (C, D, F) or Kruskal-Wallis test (B, E)