Table 1 Patient demographics and baseline characteristics.

Demographics

 Age, M (Q₁, Q₃)

57.00 (46.00, 68.00)

53.00 (44.00,64.50)

57.00 (44.00,68.00)

57.00 (45.50,67.00)

60.00 (49.00,73.00)

< 0.001

 Gender, n(%)

0.039

  Male

611 (58.52)

130 (50.98)

158 (60.54)

145 (59.67)

178 (62.46)

  Female

433 (41.48)

125 (49.02)

103 (39.46)

98 (40.33)

107 (37.54)

 Language, n(%)

0.107

  English

955 (91.48)

225 (88.24)

244 (93.49)

227 (93.42)

259 (90.88)

  Other

89 (8.52)

30 (11.76)

17 (6.51)

16 (6.58)

26 (9.12)

 Marital status, n(%)

0.024

  Single

449 (43.01)

107 (41.96)

98 (37.55)

98 (40.33)

146 (51.23)

  Married

102 (9.77)

30 (11.76)

29 (11.11)

25 (10.29)

18 (6.32)

  Widowed

428 (41.00)

105 (41.18)

115 (44.06)

109 (44.86)

99 (34.74)

  Divorced

65 (6.23)

13 (5.10)

19 (7.28)

11 (4.53)

22 (7.72)

 Race, n(%)

< 0.001

  White

647 (61.97)

134 (52.55)

175 (67.05)

156 (64.20)

182 (63.86)

  Black/Africa American

168 (16.09)

62 (24.31)

44 (16.86)

35 (14.40)

27 (9.47)

  Other

229 (21.93)

59 (23.14)

42 (16.09)

52 (21.40)

76 (26.67)

Vital signs

 MAP Mean,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

81.00 (73.00, 91.00)

84.00 (75.00,92.50)

82.00 (72.00,92.00)

80.00 (73.50,88.50)

79.00 (71.00,89.00)

0.003

 RR Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

13.00 (10.00, 15.00)

12.00 (10.00,15.00)

12.00 (10.00,15.00)

13.00 (10.00,16.00)

13.00 (11.00,16.00)

0.015

 RR Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

28.00 (25.00, 33.00)

28.00 (24.00,32.00)

28.00 (24.00,34.00)

28.00 (25.00,33.00)

28.00 (24.00,34.00)

0.737

 RR Mean,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

19.00 (17.00, 23.00)

19.00 (17.00,23.00)

19.00 (17.00,22.00)

19.00 (17.00,22.50)

20.00 (17.00,23.00)

0.198

 Temperature Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

36.60 (36.40, 36.80)

36.60 (36.30,36.80)

36.60 (36.40,36.80)

36.60 (36.40,36.80)

36.50 (36.30,36.70)

0.010

 Temperature Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

37.30 (37.00, 37.80)

37.20 (36.90,37.90)

37.30 (37.10,37.90)

37.30 (37.00,37.80)

37.20 (37.00,37.70)

0.173

 Temperature Mean,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

36.90 (36.70, 37.20)

36.90 (36.70,37.25)

36.90 (36.70,37.20)

36.90 (36.70,37.30)

36.90 (36.70,37.10)

0.040

 Spo2 Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

92.00 (90.00, 94.00)

93.00 (90.00,95.00)

92.00 (90.00,94.00)

92.00 (90.00,95.00)

91.00 (89.00,94.00)

0.016

 Spo2 Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

100.00(99.00, 100.00)

100.00 (99.00,100.00)

100.00 (99.00,100.00)

100.00 (99.00,100.00)

100.00(99.00,100.00)

0.047

 Spo2 Mean,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

97.00 (95.00, 98.00)

97.00 (96.00,98.00)

96.00 (95.00,98.00)

97.00 (95.00,98.00)

96.00 (95.00,98.00)

< 0.001

Laboratory data

 HCT Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

29.70 (24.70, 34.80)

30.40 (25.20,35.60)

29.50 (25.20,34.50)

29.40 (24.25,34.40)

29.40 (23.40,34.70)

0.135

 HCT Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

33.90 (29.00, 38.90)

35.20 (29.90,39.65)

33.30 (29.20,38.10)

34.00 (28.80,38.95)

33.00 (28.00,38.60)

0.028

 Hb Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

9.70 (7.90, 11.50)

10.00 (8.30,11.90)

9.70 (8.10,11.50)

9.40 (7.75,11.25)

9.60 (7.70,11.20)

0.048

 Hb Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

11.00 (9.30, 12.80)

11.50 (9.50,13.30)

10.90 (9.40,12.70)

11.10 (9.30,12.80)

10.70 (9.00,12.50)

0.027

 Platelets Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

163.50(106.75, 244.00)

162.00 (100.00,235.00)

160.00 (106.00,243.00)

166.00 (114.00,259.00)

164.00 (110.00,235.00)

0.508

 Platelets Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

205.00(141.00, 301.25)

202.00 (134.00,287.00)

203.00 (139.00,299.00)

215.00 (142.00,319.00)

206.00 (149.00,282.00)

0.462

 Wbc Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

10.20 (6.60, 14.72)

8.70 (5.95,13.15)

8.90 (5.80,12.20)

10.30 (6.70,14.85)

12.00 (8.50,17.40)

< 0.001

 Wbc Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

13.65 (9.70, 19.62)

11.80 (8.20,18.10)

12.20 (8.60,16.80)

13.70 (9.85,19.65)

15.80 (11.80,22.30)

< 0.001

 Albumin Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.00 (2.60, 3.42)

3.10 (2.60,3.70)

3.00 (2.70,3.50)

2.90 (2.50,3.40)

2.80 (2.60,3.20)

< 0.001

 Albumin Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.20 (2.80, 3.60)

3.30 (2.90,3.80)

3.20 (2.80,3.60)

3.10 (2.70,3.60)

3.00 (2.70,3.50)

< 0.001

 AG Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

17.00 (14.00, 21.00)

17.00 (14.00,22.00)

17.00 (14.00,20.00)

16.00 (14.00,20.00)

18.00 (14.00,22.00)

0.118

 AG Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

13.00 (11.00, 15.00)

13.00 (11.00,15.00)

13.00 (10.00,15.00)

13.00 (10.00,15.00)

13.00 (11.00,16.00)

0.043

 Bicarbonate Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mmol/L

20.00 (16.00, 23.00)

20.00 (16.00,23.00)

21.00 (17.00,23.00)

20.00 (17.00,23.00)

19.00 (16.00,23.00)

0.102

 Bicarbonate Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mmol/L

23.00 (20.00, 26.00)

23.00 (20.00,26.00)

23.00 (21.00,26.00)

23.00 (21.00,25.50)

23.00 (19.00,25.00)

0.115

 Bun Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mg/dL

16.00 (9.00, 28.00)

14.00 (8.00,23.00)

14.00 (9.00,21.00)

16.00 (9.00,32.00)

20.00 (12.00,36.00)

< 0.001

 Bun Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mg/dL

20.00 (12.00, 37.00)

18.00 (12.00,32.50)

18.00 (12.00,28.00)

21.00 (11.50,42.00)

25.00 (15.00,46.00)

< 0.001

 Calcium Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mg/dL

7.90 (7.30, 8.40)

8.00 (7.40,8.40)

7.90 (7.30,8.40)

8.00 (7.40,8.50)

7.80 (7.20,8.30)

0.059

 Calcium Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mg/dL

8.40 (7.90, 8.90)

8.60 (8.15,9.00)

8.40 (8.00,8.90)

8.50 (7.95,9.00)

8.30 (7.70,8.80)

< 0.001

 Chloride Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mEq/L,

100.00 (96.00, 104.00)

100.00 (95.00,104.00)

101.00 (97.00,105.00)

100.00 (96.00,105.00)

99.00 (94.00,104.00)

0.120

 Chloride Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mEq/L,

105.00 (100.75, 109.00)

105.00 (102.00,110.00)

105.00 (101.00,109.00)

104.00 (100.00,109.00)

103.00 (99.00,108.00)

< 0.001

 Creatinine Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mg/dL

0.90 (0.60, 1.50)

0.80 (0.60,1.40)

0.80 (0.60,1.30)

0.90 (0.60,1.70)

1.00 (0.70,2.20)

< 0.001

 Creatinine Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mg/dL

1.10 (0.80, 2.12)

1.10 (0.80,1.85)

1.00 (0.70,1.80)

1.10 (0.80,2.15)

1.40 (0.80,2.80)

< 0.001

 Glucose Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), g/dL

111.00 (91.00, 137.00)

108.00 (88.50,136.50)

110.00 (89.00,134.00)

112.00 (91.00,139.00)

113.00(94.00,138.00)

0.577

 Glucose Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), g/dL

157.00 (121.00, 225.25)

163.00 (121.50,263.50)

152.00 (121.00,212.00)

156.00(119.50,212.50)

155.00(125.00,208.00)

0.229

 Sodium Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mEq/L,

136.00 (132.00, 138.00)

136.00 (132.00,139.00)

136.00 (133.00,139.00)

136.00 (132.00,138.00)

135.00 (131.00,138.00)

0.065

 Sodium Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mEq/L,

139.00 (136.00, 142.00)

140.00 (137.00,143.00)

139.00 (137.00,142.00)

139.00 (136.00,142.00)

138.00 (135.00,141.00)

0.002

 Potassium Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mEq/L

3.80 (3.40, 4.10)

3.70 (3.40,4.10)

3.80 (3.50,4.10)

3.80 (3.40,4.10)

3.80 (3.40,4.20)

0.574

 Potassium Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), mEq/L,

4.40 (4.00, 5.10)

4.40 (4.00,5.10)

4.40 (4.10,4.90)

4.50 (4.10,5.10)

4.40 (4.00,5.20)

0.603

 Inr Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.30 (1.10, 1.50)

1.20 (1.10,1.40)

1.30 (1.10,1.50)

1.30 (1.10,1.50)

1.30 (1.20,1.70)

< 0.001

 Inr Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.40 (1.20, 1.70)

1.30 (1.20,1.60)

1.40 (1.20,1.70)

1.40 (1.20,1.70)

1.40 (1.20,1.90)

0.015

 Pt Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), s

14.10 (12.40, 16.40)

13.30 (12.10,15.55)

14.00 (12.50,16.10)

14.20 (12.35,16.25)

14.60 (12.80,18.10)

< 0.001

 Pt Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), s

15.10 (13.10, 19.00)

14.80 (12.70,17.90)

15.00 (13.10,18.50)

15.20 (13.15,18.60)

15.60 (13.60,21.30)

0.013

 Ptt Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), s

30.20 (26.70, 34.30)

29.80 (26.60,33.75)

30.00 (26.80,34.20)

29.80 (26.70,33.65)

30.90 (26.80,36.30)

0.117

 Ptt Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), s

33.80 (28.60, 42.90)

32.50 (28.35,44.75)

32.80 (28.50,40.70)

33.70 (28.45,42.85)

34.90 (29.50,44.50)

0.122

 Alt Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), U/L

41.00 (20.00, 109.25)

41.00 (19.50,105.00)

42.00 (19.00,126.00)

31.00 (17.50,77.50)

51.00 (25.00,127.00)

0.001

 Alt Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃),U/L,

48.50 (23.00, 147.25)

48.00 (24.50,140.00)

49.00 (22.00,183.00)

36.00 (20.00,98.00)

60.00 (29.00,167.00)

0.001

 Alp Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃), U/L

112.00(72.00, 188.00)

114.00 (74.00,188.00)

112.00 (70.00,175.00)

101.00 (69.00,177.00)

119.00 (74.00,205.00)

0.176

 Alp Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), U/L

127.00(80.00, 219.25)

136.00 (86.00,215.50)

124.00 (78.00,216.00)

111.00 (77.50,203.50)

136.00 (81.00,238.00)

0.114

 Ast Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃),U/L,

61.00 (28.00, 142.00)

65.00 (27.50,156.00)

50.00 (27.00,140.00)

50.00 (23.00,102.00)

84.00 (35.00,159.00)

< 0.001

 Ast Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃), U/L

80.00 (34.00, 203.25)

81.00 (35.00,205.00)

72.00 (32.00,216.00)

59.00 (29.50,149.50)

108.00 (42.00,234.00)

< 0.001

 Bilirubin Total Min,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.00 (0.50, 2.50)

0.80 (0.40,2.00)

0.90 (0.50,2.30)

0.80 (0.40,2.30)

1.60 (0.60,4.10)

< 0.001

 Bilirubin Total Max,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

1.20 (0.60, 3.40)

1.00 (0.50,2.70)

1.20 (0.50,3.10)

1.00 (0.50,3.25)

2.00 (0.80,5.20)

< 0.001

 First Monocytes Abs,

M (Q₁, Q₃), K/µL

0.69 (0.45, 1.07)

0.43 (0.25,0.60)

0.59 (0.42,0.80)

0.84 (0.58,1.18)

1.08 (0.78,1.49)

< 0.001

 First lymphocytes Abs,

M (Q₁, Q₃), K/µL

1.19 (0.71, 1.86)

1.93 (1.16,2.84)

1.40 (0.99,1.97)

1.16 (0.80,1.60)

0.67 (0.47,0.98)

< 0.001

Scoring system

 CCI,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

5.00 (3.00, 7.00)

4.00 (2.00,6.00)

4.00 (3.00,6.00)

5.00 (3.00,7.00)

5.00 (3.00,7.00)

< 0.001

 Apsiii,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

48.00 (36.00, 68.00)

45.00 (34.00,68.00)

43.00 (33.00,61.00)

49.00 (37.00,64.50)

55.00 (40.00,78.00)

< 0.001

 Sapsii,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

32.00 (23.00, 44.00)

29.00 (20.00,41.50)

29.00 (21.00,41.00)

34.00 (24.00,44.00)

37.00 (28.00,49.00)

< 0.001

 Oasis,

M (Q₁, Q₃)

31.00 (25.00, 39.00)

29.00 (23.00,39.00)

30.00 (24.00,38.00)

32.00 (25.50,38.00)

34.00 (28.00,40.00)

< 0.001

Comorbidities, n(%)

 Hypertension, n(%)

0.039

  Survival

379 (36.30)

93 (36.47)

113 (43.30)

79 (32.51)

94 (32.98)

  Death

665 (63.70)

162 (63.53)

148 (56.70)

164 (67.49)

191 (67.02)

 Myocardial Infarct, n(%)

0.335

  Survival

926 (88.70)

223 (87.45)

239 (91.57)

211 (86.83)

253 (88.77)

  Death

118 (11.30)

32 (12.55)

22 (8.43)

32 (13.17)

32 (11.23)

  Congestive heart failure, n(%)

0.114

  Survival

815 (78.07)

213 (83.53)

200 (76.63)

186 (76.54)

216 (75.79)

  Death

229 (21.93)

42 (16.47)

61 (23.37)

57 (23.46)

69 (24.21)

 Peripheral vascular disease, n(%)

0.384

  Survival

973 (93.20)

241 (94.51)

247 (94.64)

223 (91.77)

262 (91.93)

  Death

71 (6.80)

14 (5.49)

14 (5.36)

20 (8.23)

23 (8.07)

 Cerebrovascular disease, n(%)

0.197

  Survival

975 (93.39)

234 (91.76)

251 (96.17)

225 (92.59)

265 (92.98)

  Death

69 (6.61)

21 (8.24)

10 (3.83)

18 (7.41)

20 (7.02)

 Chronic pulmonary disease, n(%)

0.263

  Survival

817 (78.26)

198 (77.65)

194 (74.33)

195 (80.25)

230 (80.70)

  Death

227 (21.74)

57 (22.35)

67 (25.67)

48 (19.75)

55 (19.30)

 Diabetes, n(%)

0.052

  Survival

649 (62.16)

140 (54.90)

168 (64.37)

159 (65.43)

182 (63.86)

  Death

395 (37.84)

115 (45.10)

93 (35.63)

84 (34.57)

103 (36.14)

 Renal disease, n(%)

0.002

  Survival

801 (76.72)

212 (83.14)

208 (79.69)

182 (74.90)

199 (69.82)

  Death

243 (23.28)

43 (16.86)

53 (20.31)

61 (25.10)

86 (30.18)

 Malignant cancer, n(%)

0.508

  Survival

965 (92.43)

237 (92.94)

246 (94.25)

222 (91.36)

260 (91.23)

  Death

79 (7.57)

18 (7.06)

15 (5.75)

21 (8.64)

25 (8.77)

 Liver disease, n(%)

0.342

  Survival

676 (64.75)

171 (67.06)

174 (66.67)

146 (60.08)

185 (64.91)

  Death

368 (35.25)

84 (32.94)

87 (33.33)

97 (39.92)

100 (35.09)

 Aids, n(%)

0.475

  Survival

1032 (98.85)

250 (98.04)

258 (98.85)

242 (99.59)

282 (98.95)

  Death

12 (1.15)

5 (1.96)

3 (1.15)

1 (0.41)

3 (1.05)

 Sepsis, n(%)

< 0.001

  Survival

438 (41.95)

143 (56.08)

110 (42.15)

93 (38.27)

92 (32.28)

  Death

606 (58.05)

112 (43.92)

151 (57.85)

150 (61.73)

193 (67.72)

Therapies, n (%)

 CRRT, n(%)

0.009

  No

928 (88.89)

232 (90.98)

237 (90.80)

221 (90.95)

238 (83.51)

  Yes

116 (11.11)

23 (9.02)

24 (9.20)

22 (9.05)

47 (16.49)

 Norepinephrine, n(%)

0.007

  No

786 (75.29)

202 (79.22)

208 (79.69)

181 (74.49)

195 (68.42)

  Yes

258 (24.71)

53 (20.78)

53 (20.31)

62 (25.51)

90 (31.58)

 Dobutamine, n(%)

0.105

  No

1031 (98.75)

251 (98.43)

260 (99.62)

242 (99.59)

278 (97.54)

  Yes

13 (1.25)

4 (1.57)

1 (0.38)

1 (0.41)

7 (2.46)

 Dopamine, n(%)

0.383

  No

1026 (98.28)

253 (99.22)

254 (97.32)

238 (97.94)

281 (98.60)

  Yes

18 (1.72)

2 (0.78)

7 (2.68)

5 (2.06)

4 (1.40)

 Vasopressin, n(%)

0.010

  No

921 (88.22)

228 (89.41)

237 (90.80)

220 (90.53)

236 (82.81)

  Yes

123 (11.78)

27 (10.59)

24 (9.20)

23 (9.47)

49 (17.19)

 Epinephrine, n(%)

0.030

  No

1010 (96.74)

242 (94.90)

256 (98.08)

240 (98.77)

272 (95.44)

  Yes

34 (3.26)

13 (5.10)

5 (1.92)

3 (1.23)

13 (4.56)