Table 3 Univariate analysis of potential categories of learned helplessness among clinical nursing interns.

Gender[n (%)]

X² = 21.329

 < 0.001

 Male

75(19.7)

11(8.7)

51(29.7)

13(15.9)

 Female

306(80.3)

116(91.3)

121(70.3)

69(84.1)

Place of origin/Place of residence [n (%)]

X² = 2.328

0.317

 City

126(33.1)

47(37.0)

50(29.1)

29(35.4)

 Countryside

255(66.9)

80(63.0)

122(70.9)

53(64.6)

Educational background

[n (%)]

X² = 79.77^a

 < 0.001

 Junior College

109(28.5)

28(22)

28(16.3)

53(64.6)

 Undergraduate

251(65.8)

85(66.9)

140(81.4)

29(31.7)

 Postgraduate

21(5.7)

14(11.0)

4(2.3)

3(3.7)

Whether one is an only child

[n (%)]

X² = 4.264

0.122

 Yes

34(8.9)

10(7.9)

12(7.0)

12(14.6)

 No

347(91.1)

117(92.1)

160(93.0)

70(85.4)

Per capita monthly household income (RMB)

[n (%)]

X² = 2.799

0.592

  < 3000

165(43.3)

51(40.2)

75(43.6)

39(47.6)

 3000 ~ 5000

153(40.2)

51(40.2)

73(42.4)

29(35.4)

  > 5000

63(16.5)

25(19.7)

24(14.0)

14(17.1)

Whether serving as a class committee member [n (%)]

X² = 0.105

0.953

 Yes

97(25.5)

32(25.2)

43(25.0)

22(26.8)

 No

284(74.5)

95(74.8)

129(75.0)

60(73.2)

Choices in filling out college application forms [n (%)]

X² = 0.697

0.952

 Influenced by relatives and friends

136(35.7)

46(36.2)

61(35.5)

29(35.4)

 Voluntarily applied

194(50.9)

64(50.4)

86(50.0)

44(53.7)

 Adjustment or others

51(13.4)

17(13.4)

25(14.5)

9(11.0)

Evaluation of the relationship with family members[n (%)]

X² = 62.434^a

 < 0.001

 Good

273(71.7)

120(94.5)

102(59.3)

51(62.2)

 Fair

51(13.4)

5(3.9)

39(22.7)

7(8.5)

 Poor

57(15.0)

2(1.6)

31(18.0)

24(29.3)

The number of night shifts in the past month[n (%)]

X² = 28.044

 < 0.001

 0–3 times

79(20.7)

41(32.3)

25(14.5)

13(15.9)

 4–6 times

248(65.1)

74(58.3)

127(73.8)

47(57.3)

 7–9 times

54(14.2)

12(9.4)

20(11.6)

22(26.8)

Is anyone in your family engaged in medical practice?

[n (%)]

X² = 0.955

0.620

 Yes

125(32.8)

44(34.6)

52(30.2)

29(35.4)

 No

256(67.2)

83(65.4)

120(69.8)

53(64.6)

Scores of the Clinical Learning Environment Scale

M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

155(137, 168)

168(159, 182)

145(129, 159)

149(132, 159)

H = 98.818

 < 0.001

Interpersonal relationships

M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

28(23,29)

28(27,32)

26(21.5,28)

28(23,28)

H = 21.668

 < 0.001

Work atmosphere M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

27(23,28)

28(27,32)

25(21,28)

27(23,28)

H = 50.605

 < 0.001

Student engagement M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

26(21,28)

28(26,31)

23(21,28)

24(19,28)

H = 61.165

 < 0.001

Team culture M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

27(23,28)

28(27,30)

25(21,28)

25(23,28)

H = 64.894

 < 0.001

Innovation M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

27(22,28)

28(27,31)

24(21,28)

24(21,28)

H = 77.417

 < 0.001

Individualization M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

23(19,28)

28(25,31)

21.5(19,27)

22(18,28)

H = 77.729

 < 0.001

Scores of the self-esteem scale

M(P₂₅,P₇₅)

28(26, 32)

30(27, 34)

29(26, 32)

26(26, 28)

H = 33.308

 < 0.001