Table 2 Education and training characteristics in MT among Saudi physical therapists (N = 173).

From: Utilization patterns and perceived effectiveness of manual therapy for low back pain among Saudi physical therapists: a national cross-sectional study

Variables

Category/Description

n (%)

Undergraduate exposure to MT

Received formal MT instruction

138 (79.8)

No formal MT instruction

35 (20.2)

Participation in professional workshops

Attended ≥ 1 MT workshop

91 (52.6)

No workshop participation

82 (47.4)

Completion of recognized MT certification program

Yes

86 (49.7)

No

87 (50.3)

Composite MT exposure level

None

13 (7.5)

Minimal

35 (20.2)

Moderate

51 (29.5)

High

44 (25.4)

Extensive

30 (17.3)

Main motivators for attending MT training

Improve clinical competence

113 (65.3)

Stay updated with evidence-based practice

82 (47.4)

Increase patient satisfaction

71 (41.0)

Professional advancement/promotion

58 (33.5)

Personal interest

45 (26.0)

  1. MT Manual therapy; Values are presented as frequency (percentage). Items related to training motivators were treated as multiple-response variables, allowing participants to select more than one option; therefore, percentages may exceed 100%. Undergraduate exposure, workshop participation, certification status, and composite MT exposure level were single-response variables. Composite manual therapy (MT) exposure levels were derived using a predefined scoring system based on reported training components.