Table 6 Association between MT certification and frequency of MT utilization for LBP (N = 173).

From: Utilization patterns and perceived effectiveness of manual therapy for low back pain among Saudi physical therapists: a national cross-sectional study

Certification Status

Never/Rarely

Occasionally

Frequently/Routinely

Total

Certified in MT

2 (2.3)

63 (73.3)

21 (24.4)

86 (100)

Not certified

17 (19.5)

56 (64.4)

14 (16.1)

87 (100)

Total

19 (11.0)

119 (68.8)

48 (20.2)

173 (100)

  1. *χ² (df = 2) = 13.65, p = 0.001; Cramer’s V = 0.281.
  2. *Chi-square test; MT: Manual therapy; Values are presented as frequency (percentage within certification group). Associations were examined using the chi-square test. Effect size is reported using Cramer’s V.
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