Table 8 Association between type of MT used and professional qualification (N = 173).

From: Utilization patterns and perceived effectiveness of manual therapy for low back pain among Saudi physical therapists: a national cross-sectional study

Manual-Therapy Technique

Bachelor’s (n = 139)

Master’s (n = 31)

Doctorate (n = 3)

χ² (df)

p-value

Soft-tissue mobilization

96 (69.1)

22 (71.0)

2 (66.7)

0.05 (2)

0.97

Maitland mobilization

72 (51.8)

17 (54.8)

1 (33.3)

0.29 (2)

0.87

Mulligan mobilization

77 (55.4)

17 (54.8)

1 (33.3)

0.66 (2)

0.72

Kaltenborn traction

60 (43.2)

13 (41.9)

3 (100)

3.12 (2)

0.21

Neural mobilization

45 (32.4)

10 (32.3)

1 (33.3)

0.00 (2)

1.00

  1. MT Manual therapy; Values are presented as frequency (percentage within qualification group). MT techniques were treated as multiple-response variables, allowing participants to report use of more than one technique. Associations between technique type and professional qualification were examined using the chi-square test.
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