Fig. 1

Flowchart of the isolation of sEVs from mare’s milk. There are four methods (A–D). Method A is the traditional ultracentrifugation(UC). Method B is based on ultracentrifugation with the addition of salinization (O-UC). Method C is based on loading the crude sEVs from method A onto a qEV exclusion column for further purification (SEC). Method D is the polyethylene glycol sedimentation (PEG). Gray arrows indicate the shared separation process; blue arrows represent method A; orange arrows represent method B; yellow arrows represent method C; green arrows represent method D.