Table 1 Parameter variable settings.

From: Optimized K-means algorithm for image segmentation based on improved dung beetle algorithm

algorithms

parameters

parameter value

IDBO

R

0.5

k

10

b

0.3

p,\(\varphi\),\(\xi\),v

random number

PSO

\({r_1}\),\({r_2}\)

random number

\({c_1}\),\({c_2}\)

2

\(\omega\)

\({\omega _{\hbox{max} }}=0.9,{\omega _{\hbox{min} }}=0.2\)

DBO

b

0.3

\(\alpha\)

-1 or 1

R

Decrease linearly from 1

GWO

\({r_1}\),\({r_2}\)

random number

a

Decrease linearly from 2

BWO

\({r_1}\),\({r_2}\),\({r_3}\),\({r_4}\)

random number

MODBO

\({r_1}\),\({r_2}\)

random number

\(\omega\)

\({\omega _{\hbox{max} }}=1.25,{\omega _{\hbox{min} }}=0.25\)

MSDBO

\(ST\)

0.7

\({\beta _1}\)

Gradually decreasing from 1 to 0

\({\beta _2}\)

Gradual increase from 0 to 1