Fig. 5

Identification of significant taxonomic biomarkers via inter-group Maaslin analysis. The x-axis represents the log-fold change (logFC) of the correlation coefficients(coef), indicating the magnitude of change in feature abundance per unit change in the target variable after adjusting for covariates. The y-axis lists the significantly associated omics features. Feature selection was based on a false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected q-value < 0.05 and an absolute correlation coefficient > 0.5. A positive coefficient indicates a positive correlation between the target variable and feature abundance, while a negative coefficient indicates a negative correlation. a Pre-NI vs. Pre-I. b Post-NI vs. Post-I.