Table 4 Surface charge characterization via zeta potential analysis.

From: “Salvia officinalis extract–conjugated magnetite and selenium nanocomposites showed enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens”

Sample

ζ-Potential (mV)

Std. Dev. (mV)

Stability Class

pH

Conductivity (mS/cm)

SeNPs

–28.5

± 2.1

Good

7.1

0.134

SaO-SeNPs

–35.2

± 2.4

Excellent

6.9

0.122

Fe₃O₄NPs

–21.3

± 1.8

Good

6.9

0.109

SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs

–32.8

± 2.6

Excellent

7.1

0.109

SaO Extract

–18.7

± 1.5

Moderate

6.8

0.096

  1. Data are expressed as the standard deviation of triplicate independent measurements. Stability classification based on conventional criteria: Excellent (|ζ| > 30 mV), Good (20 < |ζ| < 30 mV), Moderate (10 < |ζ| < 20 mV). Measurements performed via electrophoretic light scattering at 25 °C using the Malvern Zetasizer system. The enhanced negative surface charge in bio-conjugated nanocomposites confirms successful phytochemical adsorption and provides electrostatic stabilization, preventing particle aggregation.
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