Fig. 3

ML phylogenetic trees depicting evolutionary relationships among rosid species and accessions of Hippophae, inferred from plastid PCGs. (A) ML tree reconstructed using concatenated dataset of 78 plastid PCGs from 26 representative rosid taxa, including Hippophae and Elaeagnus species, with N. tabacum designated as the outgroup. (B) ML tree focusing on 17 plastid genome accessions representing five Hippophae species, with M. indica (NC_008359) used as the outgroup. One accession of H. neurocarpa (NC_047483) is nested within the H. rhamnoides clade, suggesting a potential hybrid origin involving subsp. sinensis. Bootstrap support values are provided at each node. * The sequence was newly determined in this study.