Table 5 Performance analysis of MPPT models.

From: Machine learning-based MPPT integration with quadratic double-extended DC-DC converter for grid-connected PV-powered BLDC electric vehicles

Models

Tracking efficiency (%)

Ripple

Proposed

98.75

0.13

COA-FLC

94.8

0.2

GA-FLC

92.11

0.6

FLC

91.4

1

P&O

91.1

1.1

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