Fig. 3

DMA tests with sine wave excitation (f = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Hz). Top: mean stress-time curves with shaded standard deviation, data in blue, AQLV model with original parameters in black, with re-calibrated parameters in magenta. Middle: AQLV model parameters, black for original and magenta for re-calibrated model (mean values across all frequencies and samples). The mean \(\tau\) values for the original model are provided in the diagrams. Bottom: boxplots of re-calibrated \(\tau\) values with individual data points (shaded red). Significant differences (p < 0.05) are marked with bars and p-values are given, and trends (0.05 < p < 0.10) are displayed in shaded.