Fig. 5

AQLV model. The inset illustrates calibration with ramp-hold tests at four deformation levels. \(k_{i}\) strain dependent spring constant, \(b_{i}\) strain dependent damping coefficient.

AQLV model. The inset illustrates calibration with ramp-hold tests at four deformation levels. \(k_{i}\) strain dependent spring constant, \(b_{i}\) strain dependent damping coefficient.