Fig. 2

Stratified and interaction analyses of the association between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and incident obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). *Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals are shown across predefined subgroups, including sex, age, and smoking status. Estimates were derived from fully adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. P values for interaction represent effect modification between MASLD and each subgroup variable.