Table 3 Conditions for the presence or absence of racial disparities and their direction if present
From: Resolution of apparent paradoxes in the race-specific frequency of use-of-force by police
Form of bias | Absent | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
Against black individuals | Against white individuals | ||
Encounter | ϕB = ϕW ⇔ Φ = 1 | ϕB > ϕW ⇔ Φ > 1 | ϕB < ϕW ⇔ Φ < 1 |
Population-level, non-lethal force | δB = δW ⇔ Δ = 1 | δB > δW ⇔ Δ > 1 | δB < δW ⇔ Δ < 1 |
Population-level, lethal force | ψB = ψW ⇔ Ψ = 1 | ψB > ψW ⇔ Ψ > 1 | ψB < ψW ⇔ Ψ < 1 |
Encounter-conditional, non-lethal force | γB = γW ⇔ Γ = 1 | γB > γW ⇔ Γ > 1 | γB < γW ⇔ Γ < 1 |
Encounter-conditional, lethal force | θB = θW ⇔ Θ = 1 | θB > θW ⇔ Θ > 1 | θB < θW ⇔ Θ < 1 |
