Table 3 Parental death during childhood and HRs of violent criminal convictions during ages 15 to 20–30 years

From: Parental death during childhood and violent crime in late adolescence to early adulthood: a Swedish national cohort study

 

Model 1

HR (95% CI)

Model 2

HR (95% CI)

Model 3

HR (95% CI)

Men

No parental death

1

1

1

Maternal death from natural causes

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

1.08 (0.92–1.26)

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

Maternal external cause death

2.20 (1.82–2.66)

2.06 (1.71–2.49)

1.26 (1.04–1.52)

No parental death

1

1

1

Paternal death from natural causes

1.42 (1.29–1.57)

1.25 (1.13–1.38)

1.09 (0.99–1.21)

Paternal external cause death

2.67 (2.44–2.91)

2.32 (2.13–2.54)

1.44 (1.31–1.59)

Women

No parental death

1

1

1

Maternal death from natural causes

1.11 (0.79–1.55)

1.08 (0.77–1.51)

0.94 (0.67–1.32)

Maternal external cause death

3.49 (2.51–4.87)

3.17 (2.27–4.41)

1.47 (1.03–2.09)

No parental death

1

1

1

Paternal death from natural causes

1.67 (1.36–2.04)

1.47 (1.20–1.81)

1.26 (1.02–1.55)

Paternal external cause death

3.26 (2.76–3.84)

2.76 (2.34–3.26)

1.51 (1.25–1.81)

  1. Model 1 is adjusted for year of birth. Model 2 is adjusted additionally for region of residency, parental country of birth and surviving parent’s highest educational level. Model 3 is adjusted additionally for both parents’ criminal offending, parental psychiatric disorder and substance abuse (before birth of child), and surviving parent’s criminal offending, hospitalisations for psychiatric disorder and substance abuse (when child 0–14 years) and social welfare benefits in surviving parent
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