Table 1 Literature summary of oil-exporting countries.
From: Oil sector and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: asymmetry analysis
Authors | Region | Major findings |
|---|---|---|
Fan et al. (2019) | Vietnam | Economic development influenced the urbanisation and urbanisation damaged the environment. |
Roberts et al. (2019) | Global | Increasing heterogeneity in oil deposits and carbon tax helped in reducing the emissions from oil. |
Charfeddine et al. (2018) | Qatar | Bidirectional causality between urbanisation and electricity consumption and unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to economic growth were found. |
Mikayilov et al. (2018a) | Azerbaijan | Monotonic and inelastic effect of economic growth on the CO2 emissions was found. |
Hasanov et al. (2016) | Oil-exporting countries | Oil price, income, and population age group were significant determinants of energy use. |
Hasanov et al. (2019) | Kazakhstan | EKC was not found, and the U-shaped relationship between income and CO2 emissions was observed. |
Raggad (2018) | Saudi Arabia | Monotonic effect of income on the CO2 emissions and a positive association between energy usage and CO2 emissions were found. The impact of urbanisation was negative on the CO2 emissions. |
Farhani et al. (2014) | MENA including Saudi Arabia | EKC was found in the panel estimates. In the country-specific analysis, EKC was not found in Saudi Arabia, and positive (adverse) effects of energy consumption (trade) were found on the CO2 emissions. |
Omri et al. (2015) | MENA including Saudi Arabia | EKC was found in the panel of MENA countries but not in the country-specific estimates of Saudi Arabia. Energy consumption and trade had positive effects on the CO2 emissions in the panel estimates. Urbanisation and energy consumption had a positive impact on CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia. |
Samargandi (2017) | Saudi Arabia | EKC was not found. Industrial and service sectors had positive effects on the CO2 emissions, but the effects of the agriculture sector and technology innovation were found insignificance statistically. |
Mahmood et al. (2018) | Saudi Arabia | Inverted U-shaped relationship between income and CO2 emissions and asymmetrical effects of FMD on the CO2 emissions were found. |
Alsaedi and Tularam (2020) | Saudi Arabia | The bidirectional relationship between peak load, electricity consumption, and GDP. |
Mahmood et al. (2019a) | Saudi Arabia | EKC was validated, and asymmetrical effects of the agriculture sector were found on the CO2 emissions. |
