Table 6 Non-parametric results for the variables referring to self-perceived learning in this approach during the COVID-19 pandemic.

From: Effectiveness of the flipped classroom model on students’ self-reported motivation and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic

Causes of self-perceived learning

Mdn E

Mdn NE

Mann–Whitney U

Z

p

Mdn H

Mdn M

Mdn L

Kruskal–Wallis H

gl

p

To improve my learning planning process

 Pre

4

4

2218.00

−4.85

0.000*

4

4

3

1.099

2

0.577

 Post

4

3

   

4

4

3

   

To understand methodological shifts in SS teaching

 Pre

4

4

2203.50

−4.84

0.000*

4

4

4

0.519

2

0.772

 Post

4

3

   

4

4

3.5

   

To learn new active teaching methods

 Pre

4

4

2440.00

−4.12

0.000*

4

4

4

1.601

2

0.449

 Post

4

4

   

4

4

4

   

To make use of different resources

 Pre

4

4

2443.50

−4.13

0.000*

4

4

4

3.034

2

0.219

 Post

4

4

   

4

4

4

  

To increase interaction and manage knowledge and content

 Pre

4

4

2286.00

−4.63

0.000*

4

4

3

1.126

2

0.569

 Post

4

3

   

4

4

3.5

   

To develop self-evaluation methods

 Pre

4

4

2398.50

−4.26

0.000*

4

4

3

2.036

2

0.361

 Post

4

3

   

4

4

3.5

   
  1. *p < 0.05.