Table 2 Regional convergence of RSA, CRL and DRL in Europe and North America, and RSA, and CRL in Latin America and the Caribbean.

From: Global diffusion of three road safety policies, 1964–2015

 

Europe and North America

LAC

RSA (Model 7)

CRL (Model 8)

DRL (Model 9)

RSA (Model 10)

CRL (Model 11)

Global convergence

 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic

2.39* (1.11)

(p = 0.063)

0.88 (0.62)

0.88 (0.32)

2.11 (3.18)

0.65 (0.45)

 AAUTPV

0.82 (0.66)

0.83 (0.26)

1.20 (0.40)

–

–

Regional convergence

 Creation of the European Transport Safety Council

5.85*** (1.53)

(p < 0.001)

1.18 (0.36)

0.47 (0.53)

–

–

Unintended convergence

 General national circumstances

  Political violence (ln)

0.81 (0.11)

0.80 (0.11)

0.00*** (0.00)

(p < 0.001)

1.16 (0.36)

0.87 (0.19)

  Population (ln)

1.60 (0.42)

1.06 (0.29)

0.78 (−0.88)

0.82***

(p = 0.003)

0.86 (0.66)

  Average yearly total number of hours of bright sunshine

–

–

1.37 (0.41)

  

Mechanisms of diffusion

 Imitation/learning

  World Health Organization road safety global campaign

2.79*** (1.04)

(p = 0.006)

1.411 (0.84)

5.85** (4.53)

(p < 0.001)

1.96** (2.23)

(p = 0.026)

0.37*** (0.09)

(p < 0.001)

  Existence of road safety NGOs

1.13 (0.71)

1.54** (0.31)

(p = 0.039)

0.45 (0.22)

1.16 (0.44)

0.62 (0.19)

 Coercion or Competition (ref. ‘Importer vehicle country’)a

  Importer-exporter vehicle country

0.69 (0.29)

–

 

–

–

  Exporter vehicle country

1.60 (0.61)

–

1.97 (1.07)

105.88 (322.66)

–

Controls

 GDP per capita (ln)

1.02 (0.17)

2.03*** (0.34)

(p < 0.001)

1.30*** (0.12)

(p < 0.001)

0.60 (0.36)

1.04 (0.05)

 Urbanization

0.99 (0.01)

0.97 (0.01)

1.01 (2.12)

1.04 (0.04)

1.04*** (0.00)

(p < 0.001)

 RSA

–

2.57* (1.31)

(p = 0.064)

2.47* (1.21)

(p = 0.073)

–

1.47 (0.66)

 Time (ρ)

0.47 (0.34)

1.55** (0.35)

(p = 0.048)

1.12 (0.24)

5.73*** (4.41)

(p < 0.001)

11.15*** (1.53)

(p < 0.001)

 Number of countries

32

33

33

23

23

 Number of adoptions

25

31

26

18

19

 Observations

702

489

810

904

844

 Log likehood

−18.30

−19.70

−18.64

−0.26

8.59

  1. RSA road safety agency, CRL child restraint legislation, DRL daytime running lights, LAC Latin America and the Caribbean, AAUTPV agreement concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts, which can be fitted and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
  2. ***significant at 1%; **significant at 5%; *significant at 10%.
  3. All models adjusted for clustering at the region level.
  4. aFor the Model 10 in Latin America and the Caribbean, the reference category is a combination of the categories ‘Importer vehicle country’ and ‘Importer-exporter vehicle country.’
  5. I have provided the full p value for each bold estimator. To do so I re run all models. As a result “Europe and North America RSA Model 7” had minor adjustments that do not change the main text.
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