Table 3 Test results for critical thinking’s two dimensions.

From: The effectiveness of collaborative problem solving in promoting students’ critical thinking: A meta-analysis based on empirical literature

Intervention strategy

Dimensions of critical thinking

Effect quantity

Effect size

95% Confidence interval

Heterogeneity test

Two-tailed test

Intergroup effect

Lower limit

Upper limit

I2

df(P)

Z(P)

Chi2 (P)

Collaborative problem solving

Attitudinal tendency

27

1.17

0.87

1.47

93%

26(<0.01)

7.62(<0.01)

7.95 (<0.01)

Cognitive skill

52

0.70

0.58

0.82

75%

51(<0.01)

11.55(<0.01)

Comprehensive effect size

0.82 [0.69,0.95], z = 12.78(P < 0.001)