Table 1 Countries’ policies to combat the climate change threat.

Green loan policy

China, the UAE

Zhang (2022), Al-Qudah et al. (2022), Tan et al. (2022)

Green tax policy

Iran, Germany, China, Ecuador

Norouzi et al. (2022), van der Ploeg et al. (2022), Wang and Yu (2021), Terneus Páez et al. (2022)

Green bonds policy

The E.U., China, Japan, the U.S.

Cicchiello et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Han and Li (2022), Tolliver et al. (2020)

Green innovation policy

China, E7

Wang et al. (2022), Hao and Chen (2022)

Green job creation policy

Italy, the U.S., China

Bowen et al. (2018), Zhang and Du (2020), Dell’Anna (2021)

Green transportation

China, the UAE, Pakistan

Kiani (2017), Meng et al. (2021), Shahid et al. (2022)