Table 1 Definition of variables.
From: Reexamining the impact of foreign direct investment on carbon emissions: does per capita GDP matter?
Type | Variable | Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
Threshold variable | Economic growth | rjGDP | It is measured by regional GDP per capita. This is GDP divided by population, with GDP measured in constant 2010 dollars. |
Explanatory variable | Foreign direct investment | FDI | It is expressed as net inflows of foreign investors (new investment inflows minus disinvestments) divided by GDP. |
Explained variable | Carbon dioxide emissions | rjCO2 | Per capita carbon dioxide emissions of a country or region. |
Control variable | Financial development | FD | It is measured as domestic credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP. |
Population size | TP | The total population of a country or region. | |
Industrial structure | ES | It is the ratio of industrial value added to GDP. | |
Trade openness | TS | It is measured in terms of total exports and imports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP. |
