Fig. 10: Weighted cosine systematicity (sys_cos_w) and its word-wise changes.

The horizontal coordinate of each point in each subplot represents the lemma’s original sys_cos_w, and the vertical coordinate represents its subsequent change, as calculated by subtracting the original sys_cos_w from the latter sys_cos_w. The zero line of change (grey solid line) divides each plot into two parts. Mappings considered from different directions are colour-coded, as annotated with legends within the subplots. Fitting lines are plotted within each subplot (solid lines for the mappings left variety→right variety, dashed lines for the mappings right variety→left variety). a For changes of English-German sys_cos_w, vertically arranged according to phonemic units—consonants in general (Con gen), initial consonants (Con ini), inter-syllabic consonants (Con int), final consonant (Con fin), vowels in general (Vow gen), initial vowels (Vow ini), inter-syllabic vowel (Vow int), and final vowels (Vow fin), horizontally arranged according to the original and later time-slices (left: old to modern, right: modern to recent). b For changes of sys_cos_w between SC and Shanghai local dialectal varieties, vertically arranged according to pairs of linguistic varieties, horizontally arranged according to phonemic units—syllables (Syl), segmental combinations (Seg), onset consonants (Ons), rhymes (Rhy), vowels (Vow), final consonants (Fin), and tone classes (Ton). c For changes of sys_cos_w between the Shanghai Shiqu (urban centre) variety and the other Shanghai local dialectal varieties, arranged in a similar way as in b.