Table 3 Present value of government obligation when reserve funds are depleted.

From: Investment risk-taking and benefit adequacy under automatic balancing mechanism in the Japanese public pension system

  

Present value of net cash flow of total public pension when RER < 0

Present value of minimum reserve fund when RER < 0

Discount rate

Avg. (Std.)

Percentage of outstanding JGBs

Percentage of GDP

Avg. (std.)

Percentage of outstanding JGBs

Percentage of GDP

0.19%

Average 10 years JGB yield

−10.8

1.0%

1.9%

−65.3

6.4%

11.4%

 

(67.1)

  

(89.1)

  

0.49%

Expected return of domestic bonds

−12.3

1.2%

2.1%

−53.3

5.2%

9.3%

 

(55.4)

  

(70.5)

  

0.80%

Inflation rate

−13.0

1.3%

2.3%

−43.3

4.2%

7.6%

 

(46.0)

  

(55.7)

  

2.82%

Expected return of investments

−9.5

0.9%

1.7%

−11.8

1.1%

2.1%

 

(17.6)

  

(14.3)

  

Number of samples

when RER < 0

1799

     

Percentage of total number of simulations

20.0%

     
  1. Note: The unit is JPY trillion. Average 10 years JGB yield is a daily average of 10-year maturity Japanese Government Bond (JGB) yields for the last 10 years (2012/12–2022/12). The expected return of domestic bonds, inflation rate, and expected return of investments are assumptions under economic assumption 5 and stock weight = 50%. The total outstanding face value of JGBs is JPY 1,027 trillion in 2023 (Ministry of Finance, 2023a). The predicted gross domestic product (GDP) is JPY 572 trillion in 2023. The percentage of outstanding JGBs represents a share of the (negative) average present value of government obligation relative to the outstanding face value of JGB. The percentage of GDP represents a share of the (negative) average present value of government obligation relative to the GDP.