Table 1 Interaction in the disciplines.
From: The concept of “interaction” in debates on human–machine interaction
Scientific discipline | Subjects of interaction: who interacts? | Modes of interaction: how does interaction take place? | Purposes of interaction: why does interaction take place? | Contexts of interaction: where does interaction take place? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Informatics/Computer Science | (a) first stage:a user and computer (user-centered, asymmetrical) (b) second stage: user and computer (user-centered, asymmetrical) (c) third stage: human and machine (symmetrical) | (a) via information transfer (b) via information transfer through user interfaces (c) via communication/ dialog | (a) to solve pre-formulated problems (b) to solve pre-formulated problems (c) to develop and solve problems, to simulate and change environments | (a) in technical and mathematical contexts (b) in technical and mathematical contexts (c) in a broad range of different (e.g., scientific, or social) contexts |
Game theory | rational decision-makers | via adopting strategies | to maximize rewards | in specific decision-making problems |
Sociology | traditional approaches: humans and humans modern approaches: humans and humans, humans and non-human entities (e.g., machines) | -via mutual adaption -via mutual exchange of interpretation through symbols and signification -via mutual awareness -via perpetuated dialog | -to exchange material or immaterial goods -to create order and meaning -to construct organizational and societal structures | in specific social contexts |
Philosophy | (a) post-phenomenology: depend on mode and context (b) technoscience: arise from modes and contexts of intra-action (c) enactivism: autonomous agents (d) analytical philosophy: da) ethics: agents and environments db) epistemology: agents and mathematical describable structures | (a) via mutual shaping in specific relations (b) via exchanging, diffracting, influencing, working inseparably (c) via mutual co-regulation and coupling through communicative and narrative practices (da) via information exchange (db) via information exchange | (a) depends on mode and context (b) depends on mode and context (c) to constitute self-sustaining organizations (da) to transform or produce certain effects upon each other (db) to account for facts or beliefs | (a) in specific and concrete practical settings (b) in certain phenomena (c) in dynamic relational situations (da) in specific contexts (db) in an environment |
Psychology/cognitive science | -variables -psycho-physiological or interpersonal states -constructs -systems -environmental conditions -persons -behaviors | -via continuous mutual adaptation -via dynamic coupling and a related development of complementary behavior | -to form, maintain and shape relationships | -in specific social contexts |
Media studies/ communication science | (a) message-centered approaches: user and media (user-centered, asymmetrical) (b) structural approaches: user and media (media-centered, asymmetrical) (c) perceptual approaches: user and media (user-centered, asymmetrical) | (a) via selecting, presenting, and controlling content (b) via influencing content (c) via user experience | (a) to communicate (b) to communicate (c) to communicate | (a) in mediated contexts (b) in mediated contexts (c) in mediated contexts |
